Workflow of Generalization

Purpose of a Foot O-map:

An Orienteering map is topographic map with additional information about hindrance, respectively about runnability.

Purpose of a Sprint O-map:

An Orienteering map is topographic map with additional information about

Workflow of Generalization

Scale

Size of a map ( not larger than A3)

Source

Photogrammetric basemap

Planimetric basemap

Map Reading

Resolution of the viewers eyes (Limit at 0.02 mm)

Running, dense canopy of leaves, night competitions

Workflow of Generalization

Symbols topo-map o-map

Line (black) on white paper 0.05 mm 0.14 mm

Gab between two lines 0.25 mm 0.15 mm

Square (side) 0.30 mm 0.50 mm

Circle (diameter) 0.30 mm 0.80 mm

Dot (diameter) 0.15 mm 0.30 mm

Triangle (side) 1.00 mm 0.80 mm

Dotted line 0.10mm 0.22 mm

Color mosaic 4.0 mm² 0.51,0 mm²

Workflow of Generalization

Technical possibilities of reproduction

Spot color printing (traditional printing)

Four color offset printing (CMYK)

Laser printer

Inkjet printer

Demands from the course setters: printing map and courses together! Scale 1:10000

Workflow of Generalization

Selection (of features while other are dropped)

Appropriate and practicable map content:

What can be added to greatest advantage and

which elements have dubious significance for the
purpose of a map (e.g. rootstocks, fallen trees)?

Specification for Orienteering Maps (ISOM 2000)

Workflow of Generalization

Workflow of Generalization

Classification: individual characteristics grouped into classes for comprehension and ease of representation

Workflow of Generalization

Classification:

Workflow of Generalization

Simplification:

The various fine structures of natural terrain can never be fully represented like their reality.

The best principles or rules cannot guide the hand of the cartographer with certainty

Good simplification needs a lot of geographic and graphic judgment, as well as a lot of field experience

Workflow of Generalization

Simplification:

Line Smoothing (see also contour lines)

Generalization of rocky areas

Guidelines
for Generalization of rocky areas

Generalization of Contours

Contour lines are most import features in the cartographic representation of a the terrain.

With contour lines we represent a surface, therefore we need either:

hill shading (not suitable for O-maps) or

a group of contour lines

Generalization of Contours

Hill shading

Generalization of Contours

Group of contour lines

Generalization of Contours

With respect to the contour interval, the contour lines are too poor in form and smoothed out too greatly

Generalization of Contours

The contour lines show too much detail, too much activity relative to the large interval

Generalization of Contours

The detail form of the contour lines and the interval are in good harmony with each other

Generalization of Contours

The contour line image should present:

A uniform overall treatment of the terrain, which is fully interrelated

Simplify the detailed form of contour and emphasize and combine large forms

Represent the type of the terrain by emphasizing breaks in slopes

Represent the terrain an adequate contour line interval and line width

Provide a certain level of accuracy of the contour lines and other features

Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours

1. A single line says very little; therefore, one should not draw a single line without considering the line on either side of it

Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours

2. Small details which are not reflected in closely neighboring contours should be smoothed out.

Exceptions:

A small knoll, a small depression or a pit

Flat terrain

Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours

2. Small details which are not reflected in closely neighboring contours should be smoothed out.

Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours

3. Contour lines should never touch each other, except in special cases like cliff and rock pillars

Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours

4. Generalized contours lines should not look like gently smoothed wavy lines, neither should appear jagged or crooked

Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours

5. Before beginning any generalization of contour lines, one should draw significant sharply terrain crests or break of slops as drawing guides lines

Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours

Generalization of Contours


	Purpose of a Foot O-map:
		An Orienteering map is topographic map with additional information about hindrance, respectively about runnability.

	Purpose of a Sprint O-map:
		An Orienteering map is topographic map with additional information about


	Scale
		Size of a map ( not larger than A3)
	Source
		Photogrammetric basemap
		Planimetric basemap
	Map Reading
		Resolution of the viewers eyes (Limit at 0.02 mm)
		Running, dense canopy of leaves, night competitions


	Symbols topo-map o-map
		Line (black) on white paper 0.05 mm 0.14 mm
		Gab between two lines 0.25 mm 0.15 mm
		Square (side) 0.30 mm 0.50 mm
		Circle (diameter) 0.30 mm 0.80 mm
		Dot (diameter) 0.15 mm 0.30 mm
		Triangle (side) 1.00 mm 0.80 mm
		Dotted line 0.10mm 0.22 mm
	Color mosaic 4.0 mm² 0.51,0 mm²


	Technical possibilities of reproduction

	Spot color printing (traditional printing)
	Four color offset printing (CMYK)
		Laser printer
		Inkjet printer

		Demands from the course setters: printing map and courses together! Scale 1:10000


	Selection (of features while other are dropped)
	Appropriate and practicable map content:
		What can be added to greatest advantage and
		which elements have dubious significance for the purpose of a map (e.g. rootstocks, fallen trees)?
		Specification for Orienteering Maps (ISOM 2000)


	Classification: individual characteristics grouped into classes for comprehension and ease of representation


	Simplification:
	The various fine structures of natural terrain can never be fully represented like their reality.
	The best principles or rules cannot guide the hand of the cartographer with certainty
	Good simplification needs a lot of geographic and graphic judgment, as well as a lot of field experience


	Contour lines are most import features in the cartographic representation of a the terrain.

	With contour lines we represent a surface, therefore we need either:

	hill shading (not suitable for O-maps) or
	a group of contour lines


	With respect to the contour interval, the contour lines are too poor in form and smoothed out too greatly


	The contour lines show too much detail, too much activity relative to the large interval


	The detail form of the contour lines and the interval are in good harmony with each other


	The contour line image should present:
	A uniform overall treatment of the terrain, which is fully interrelated

		Simplify the detailed form of contour and emphasize and combine large forms
		Represent the type of the terrain by emphasizing breaks in slopes
		Represent the terrain an adequate contour line interval and line width
		Provide a certain level of accuracy of the contour lines and other features


	1. A single line says very little; therefore, one should not draw a single line without considering the line on either side of it


	2. Small details which are not reflected in closely neighboring contours should be smoothed out.

	Exceptions:
			A small knoll, a small depression or a pit
			Flat terrain


	3. Contour lines should never touch each other, except in special cases like cliff and rock pillars


	4. Generalized contours lines should not look like gently smoothed wavy lines, neither should appear jagged or crooked


	5. Before beginning any generalization of contour lines, one should draw significant sharply terrain crests or break of slops as drawing guides lines