Jegyzetek
Vázlat
Generalization of O-maps
General aspects of generalization
General aspects of generalization
General aspects of generalization
Workflow of Generalization
Workflow of Generalization
Purpose of a Foot O-map:
An Orienteering map is topographic map with additional information about hindrance, respectively about runnability.
Purpose of a Sprint O-map:
An Orienteering map is topographic map with additional information about …
Workflow of Generalization
Scale
Size of a map ( not larger than A3)
Source
Photogrammetric basemap
Planimetric basemap
Map Reading
Resolution of the viewer‘s eyes (Limit at 0.02 mm)
Running, dense canopy of leaves, night competitions
Workflow of Generalization
  Symbols topo-map o-map
Line (black) on white paper 0.05 mm 0.14 mm
Gab between two lines 0.25 mm 0.15 mm
Square (side) 0.30 mm 0.50 mm
Circle (diameter) 0.30 mm 0.80 mm
Dot (diameter) 0.15 mm 0.30 mm
Triangle (side) 1.00 mm 0.80 mm
Dotted line 0.10mm 0.22 mm
            Color mosaic 4.0 mm2 0.5–1,0 mm2
Workflow of Generalization
Technical possibilities of reproduction
Spot color printing (traditional printing)
Four color offset printing (CMYK)
 Laser printer
 Inkjet printer
Demands from the course setters: printing map and courses together!          Scale 1:10’000
Workflow of Generalization
Selection (of features while other are dropped)
 Appropriate and practicable map content:
  What can be added to greatest advantage and
  which elements have dubious significance for the
  purpose of a map (e.g. rootstocks, fallen trees)?
      Specification for Orienteering Maps (ISOM 2000)
Workflow of Generalization
Workflow of Generalization
Classification: individual characteristics grouped into classes for comprehension and ease of representation
Workflow of Generalization
Classification: individual characteristics grouped into classes for comprehension and ease of representation
Workflow of Generalization
Classification:
Workflow of Generalization
Simplification:
The various fine structures of natural terrain can never be fully represented like their reality.
The best principles or rules cannot guide the hand of the cartographer with certainty
Good simplification needs a lot of geographic and graphic judgment, as well as a lot of field experience
Workflow of Generalization
Simplification:
Line Smoothing (see also contour lines)
Generalization of rocky areas
Generalization of rocky areas
Generalization of rocky areas
Generalization of rocky areas
Generalization of rocky areas
Generalization of rocky areas
Generalization of rocky areas
Generalization of rocky areas
Guidelines
for Generalization of rocky areas
Guidelines
for Generalization of rocky areas
Guidelines
for Generalization of rocky areas
Guidelines
for Generalization of rocky areas
Guidelines
for Generalization of rocky areas
Generalization of Contours
Contour lines are most import features in the cartographic representation of a the terrain.
With contour lines we represent a surface, therefore we need either:
  hill shading (not suitable for O-maps) or
  a group of contour lines
Generalization of Contours
Hill shading
Generalization of Contours
Group of contour lines
Generalization of Contours
With respect to the contour interval, the contour lines are too poor in form and smoothed out too greatly
Generalization of Contours
The contour lines show too much detail, too much activity relative to the large interval
Generalization of Contours
The detail form of the contour lines and the interval are in good harmony with each other
Generalization of Contours
The contour line image should present:
A uniform overall treatment of the terrain, which is fully interrelated
Simplify the detailed form of contour and emphasize and combine large forms
Represent the type of the terrain by emphasizing breaks in slopes
Represent the terrain an adequate contour line interval and line width
Provide a certain level of accuracy of the contour lines and other features
Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours
1. A single line says very little; therefore, one should not draw a single line without considering the line on either side of it
Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours
 2.  Small details which are not reflected in closely neighboring contours should be smoothed out.
Exceptions:
A small knoll, a small depression or a pit
Flat  terrain
Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours
 2.  Small details which are not reflected in closely neighboring contours should be smoothed out.
Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours
 2.  Small details which are not reflected in closely neighboring contours should be smoothed out.
Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours
3. Contour lines should never touch each other, except in special cases like cliff and rock pillars
Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours
4. Generalized contours lines should not look like gently smoothed wavy lines, neither should appear jagged or crooked
Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours
5. Before beginning any generalization of contour lines, one should draw significant sharply terrain crests or break of slops as drawing guides lines
Guidelines
for Generalization of Contours
Generalization of Contours
Generalization of Contours
Generalization of Contours
Generalization of Contours