CONTENT
(The page numbers may differ from the printed book.)
Preface 9 I. Digital cartography and related subjects 11 1. The idea of digital cartography 13 1.1. Production of digital maps 13 1.2. The most important related subjects 16 1.2.1. The effect of computer technology 17 1.2.2. Computer graphics 18 1.2.3. GIS 19 1.3. GIS and cartography 19 1.4. Evolution of digital cartography 22 1.4.1. Beginning of digital cartography 22 1.4.2. Actual problems of digital cartography, the directions of development 23 1.5. Comparison of traditional and digital map producing 24 1.5.1. Advantages of digital map producing 25 1.5.2. Disadvantages of digital cartography and some representation problems 26 Literature 27 2. Basics of f ther raser and vector based digital cartography 2.1. The vector data model 30 2.2. Vector based maps 31 2.3. The raster data model 32 2.4. Raster based maps 33 2.5. Common use of different data models and conversion between them 34 2.5.1. Common use of vector and raster data model - layer technic in digital cartography 35 2.5.2. Conversion between data models 37 Literature 38 3. File formats in digital cartography 39 3.1. Raster formats 39 3.1.1. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) 40 3.1.2. BMP 42 3.1.3. PCX (Zsoft Paintbrush) 42 3.1.4. GIF (Compuserve Graphic Interchange Format) 43 3.1.5. JPG (Joint Photographics Experts Group) 44 3.1.6. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) 45 3.1.7. MAC Paint 46 3.1.8. TGA (Truevision Targa) 46 3.1.9. PHOTO CD (Eastman Kodak) 46 3.1.10. FlashPix (FPX) 46 3.2. Vector formats 47 3.2.1. DXF (Autodesk Drawing Exchange Format), DWG 47 3.2.2. HPGL (Hewlett-Packard Graphic Language), HPPCL (Hewlett-Packard Printer Control Language) 48 3.3. Metafile formats 49 3.3.1. CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) 50 3.3.2. WMF (Windows Metafile), EMF (Enhanced Metafile) 50 3.3.3. Mac PICT 50 3.3.4. Postscript 51 3.3.5. Adobe Acrobat (PDF) 51 3.4. Conversions 51 Literature 54 4. Postscript 55 4.1. Desktop Publishing (DTP) 55 4.2. The Postscript page description language 56 4.2.1. The structure of Postscript file 57 4.2.2. Postscript 3 60 4.3. AI (Adobe Illustrator) format 62 Literature 62 5. Bézier-curves 63 Literature 66 II. Hardware and software 67 6. Computers 69 6.1. Types of computers 69 6.1.1. Personal computers 70 6.1.2. Workstations 72 Literature 73 7. Input devices 75 7.1. Digitazing tablet 75 7.2. Mouse 76 7.3. Scenner 77 7.3.1. Digital cameras 78 7.4. Keyboard 79 Literature 80 8. Output devices: monitors, printers, imagesetters 81 8.1. Monitors 81 8.2. Printers 84 8.2.1. Matrix printers 84 8.2.2. Inkjet printers 86 8.2.3. Laserprinters 87 8.2.4. Special colour printers 88 8.2.5. Plotters 89 8.2.6. Imagesetters 90 8.3. Making proofs 91 Literature 93 9. Software types in digital cartography 95 9.1. General graphic software 95 9.2. Special cartographic software 99 9.3. CAD programmes 100 9.4. Cartographic functions of GIF software 102 9.5. The ideal compromise 104 Literature 106 III. Cartographic base of digital mapping 107 10. Basic characterestics and differences of traditional and computer cartography 109 10.1. Preparation (Preliminary edition) 110 10.1.1. Input 110 10.1.2. Scanning maps 112 10.1.3. Using digitizing tablet 112 10.1.4. On-screen digitizing 114 10.2. Map design 114 10.3. Graphic execution, forming the map 115 10.4. Prepress 116 10.5. Copy, publishing 116 10.5.1. Ofset printing 118 10.5.1. Digital press 118 Literature 119 11. Writing, map, computer technics 121 11.1. Elements of tipography 122 11.2. Fonts 123 11.2.1. Scripting systems, special characters 124 11.2.2. Unicode 126 11.2.3. Traditional classification of fonts 128 11.2.4. Systematic classification of fonts 135 11.2.5. Panose 137 11.2.6. Postscript typefaces 140 11.3. File formats of computer type faces 141 11.3.1. Raster fonts 142 11.3.2. Vectorfonts 143 11.3.3. Font conversions, comparison of the two font formats 145 11.3.4. From what the font is good? 146 11.4. Font embedding 147 11.5. Attributes of map scripting 148 Literature 150 12. Colours on maps and in computer graphics 151 12.1. The definition of colour 151 12.2. The human eye 151 12.3. The light, as an electromagnetic radiation 152 12.4. The physical definition and measurement of colours 153 12.5. The physiological colour description 154 12.6. Colour systems 154 12.6.1. The International Colour Measurement System 155 12.6.2. The Munsell colour model (1915) 156 12.6.3. Ostwald 156 12.7. Colour mixing 156 12.7.1. Additive colour model 156 12.7.2. Subtractive colour model 157 12.8. Colour models in computer software 159 12.8.1. RGB 159 12.8.2. HSL, HSB, HSI, HSV, HSI, HVC, TSD 160 12.8.3. YIQ, YUV, YCbCr, YCC 161 12.8.4. CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) 161 12.8.5. Lab 161 12.8.6. Spot colours 162 12.8.7. PMS (Pantone Matching System) 164 12.8.8. Focoltone colour model 164 12.8.9. Trumatch Colorfinder colour model 164 12.9. Conversion between different colour models 165 Literature 165 13. Colour separation 167 13.1. Screening 167 13.2. FM screening 170 13.3. Errors of colour separation and imagesetting 170 Literature 172 14. Technical problems of map publishing 173 14.1. Paper sizes 173 14.2. Prepress amrks 174 14.2.1. Registration marks 175 14.2.2. Crop marks 175 14.2.3. Fold marks 175 14.3. Questions of publication 176 Literature 176 15. Layout of map elements 177 15.1. Map elements 178 15.1.1. Main map elements 178 15.1.2. Other map elements 179 15.1.3. Layout types 180 15.2. Determination of the layout 182 15.2.1. Funkcionality 182 15.2.2. Limitations 183 15.2.3. Aesthetics 183 15.2.4. Balance 184 Literature 184 IV. Using digital maps 185 16. Digital maps 187 16.1. The operation of GPS 187 16.2. Vehicle navigation systems 189 16.3. Elektronic atlases 192 16.3.1. Electronic atlases in Hungary 195 Literature 196 17. Digital terrain models 197 17.1. Development of relief description 197 17.2. Why to use digital terrain models? 200 Literature 204 18. Web cartography 205 18.1. The history of the Internet and the web 205 18.2. Maps to the web 208 18.2.1. The role of maps on the web page 208 18.2.2. Digital maps in raster formats 209 18.2.3. Vector maps on the web, database driven maps 211 Literature 213 19. Virtual reality and cartography 215 19.1. VRML 216 Literature 217 V. Digital cartography in Hungary 219 20. History of Hungarian computer cartography 221 20.1. Institutions, early GIS 221 20.2. The beginning of private mapping 224 Literature 227 21. Digital maps in Hungary 229 21.1. Topographic maps 229 21.1.1. Military topographic maps 230 21.1.2. Civil topographic maps 232 21.2. Cadastral maps 234 21.3. Digital databases 235 21.3.1. Database of trigonometric points 235 21.3.2. Database of administrative borders 236 21.3.3. Database of geographic names 237 21.3.4. Digital terrain models 238 Literature 238 Definitions 239 Index 241