16. categories of exonyms

Pronunciation-exonyms vs orthographic exonyms:

Pronunciation-exonyms (pronounced differently): Paris (Eng) vs Paris (Fr)

Orthographic exonyms (pronounced the same): Moescroen (Dutch) vs Mouscroun (Fr)

 

Exonym categories based on their development:

• Exonyms resulting from transcription (Constanţa > Konstantsa)

• Exonyms resulting from simple adaptation (Křbenhavn > Kopenhagen)

• Exonyms due to separate development from common origin                     (Colonia > Cologne, Köln, Keulen)

• Exonyms resulting from different origins (Hellas/Greece/Junani) (Deutschland/Allemagne/Saksa/Germany/Németország)

• Exonyms due to translation (Ecuador > l’Equateur; Kaapstad > Cape Town)

 

Exonym categories based on object categories:

• Names for independent countries

• Names of other administrative units

• Names for historical and geographical regions

• Names of hydrographic features

• Names of other physical features

• Names of settlements

 

Time aspects of exonyms:

• Contemporary exonyms (in current use)

• Historical/obsolete exonyms (current in the past)

Historical exonyms are not the same as Historical names!